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I recently came across the following video which describes the discovery of a city off the western coast of Gujarat. The video makers were clearly very excited by the speculation that this city could be 9000 to 32000 years old. The video persuasively discusses how the discovery of such a city could topple all understanding of ancient civilizations. It describes the findings of an expedition by the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), and it also features 4 foreign speakers who have written or published books. This video is an excellent example to discuss a very important concept. Pseudoscience: how to recognize it There are no scientific reports that describe this discovery. When scientists make new discoveries, they announce them to the world by writing "papers". These "papers" or simply, scientific reports, are published in scientific journals and are ideally, peer-reviewed. Peer review means that each scientist's claims are...